战争

The warscore screen

Waging war is one of the primary ways to obtain territory.

Warfare is centred around a few concepts, namely Casus Belli, troops, warscore, combat, and sieges.

Declaring War

See also: Diplomatic actions#Declare war and Casus Belli

Wars are fought over Casus Belli. The CB used affects how warscore is calculated and determines the results of the three possible peace treaties:

• Enforce Demands
• White Peace
• Surrender

It is also possible for a war to end inconclusively, which happens when the CB becomes invalid, the defender's liege title changes, the defender becomes unlanded, or (depending on the CB) the attacker dies.

You cannot declare war through the diplomacy menu if you have any levies raised. (Wars from events and decisions, e.g. title revocation and faction wars, are still possible. Non-levy troops do not impose this restriction.)

Truces

Ending a war binds the attacker with a truce — a promise not to declare another war against the same character. Most truces last 10 years, but some casus belli have shorter truce durations. All war outcomes lead to a truce (except for "war ended inconclusively"). Rebellions add bilateral truces.

Truces are between individual leaders, so if the ruler of either realm dies, the truce becomes irrelevant.

Breaking a truce:

• Costs 200 prestige plus half of your current prestige.
• Add the character modifier "Truce Breaker", lowering diplomacy by 5 for 10 years. (Does not stack.)
• Adds the opinion modifier "Broke a Truce" from all independent rulers of the target's religion group, lowering their opinion of you by -25. (Stacks.)

军队

See also: Troop types

Troops fight battles and perform sieges. They can be lost to attrition when not properly supplied.

Sources of troops include:

• Levies, peasants recruited from your demesne and from vassals in times of war. Levies form the bulk of your army.
• Retinues, your private standing army. They are expensive to hire and reinforce, but nearly free to maintain when at full strength.
• Horde troops, the nomadic equivalent of retinues. They are hired and reinforced using prestige or wealth, and .
• Mercenaries, hired with gold. They are very expensive but can get you out of a tight spot.
• Holy orders, hired with piety. They only fight religious enemies, and are free of maintenance when defending.
• Event troops, important for tribal characters.

Movement commands

Armies are normally ordered to move by right-clicking. Advanced techniques include:

Waypoints

Hold ⇧Shift to create a custom path with intermediate destinations.

Levy teleportation

Levies in their home realm can disband and be raised again instantly. Levies from vassals can be raised in any province controlled by the vassal.

Attached armies

An army can be linked to an army belonging to a liege or war ally.

Ally orders

Requires Monks and Mystics. See Alliances#Ally_orders

Rally points

Requires Jade Dragon. See Levies#Rally_points

Movement speed

The time taken to move between land provinces is affected by:

• Distance between provinces;
• Terrain: Flat terrain is generally faster to move through;
• Trade routes:
  • Silk Road (+20%)
  • Trans Saharan Trade Route (+30%)
• Morale;
• Commander traits: Commanders increase movement speed depending on their traits, influenced by martial skill:
  • (+10%)
  • (+20%)
  • (+30%)
  • Scorcher (Zun lodge) (+10%)
  • Mountain Guardian (Bön lodge) (+10%)
  • Aeneator (Hellenic lodge) (+10%)
  • Warrior Philosopher bloodline (+15%)
    • Characters with the Warrior Philosopher bloodline can choose to Drill Troops, gaining the Polished Formation modifier for an additional +10%
• Retreat: Armies in shattered retreat move faster and regain morale faster.
• Nomadic capital buildings: The "meat preserver" and "riding contests" buildings increase global movement speed.

Ships

Ships are used to transport troops, and by raiders to store loot when raiding coastal counties. Each ship carries 100 troops. There is no naval combat or blockading in the game. Ship levies are very expensive when raised, costing 0.3 Wealth per ship per month (although pagans and tribals receive a 90% discount). Non-pagans should dismiss ships when they are not immediately needed.

Ships are provided by:

• Shipyards, buildings unlocked with the Shipbuilding technology. In the 867 start, only Germanic pagans, Byzantines and Muslims have this technology. If starting in the 769 bookmark, Norse (the culture) rulers will get an event which gives level 2 shipbuilding tech and shipyards. This happens at the start of the Viking Age, in year 800.
• Family palaces of patrician families. Feudal kings may create vassal republics as an early source of ships.
• Naval mercenary bands, after the year 1066, at a very steep cost.
• Conscripted ships: rulers with overseas holdings can conscript 20 merchant ships for 50g.

战争迷雾

Fog of war hides troop movements in locations where you do not have immediate vision. The following provide vision in a province and adjacent provinces:

• Troops and ships of your realm (including those of your liege and vassals)
• Holdings in your realm (except those occupied by enemies)
• Occupied enemy holdings
• Allied holdings and troops (if you and your ally are both independent, or share the same liege?)
• Your spymaster (e.g. when sent to Study Technology)

In addition, your Chancellor or Lord Spiritual can provide vision in a single province.

Even with Fog of War, you can see your enemy's total army size in their realm tree. You can sometimes learn the locations of their armies as well, by scanning their vassal and courtier lists for "leading troops in <province>".

Warscore

Your goal is to raise the warscore to 100%, which will force your opponent to accept your demands. Your opponent may offer to surrender before that, but at 100%, choosing to enforce demands ends the war instantaneously.

If you're on the defensive, or need to bail out of the war, you can also seek White Peace when the war has gone on for a bit and the warscore is still near even.

Warscore can be gained in four ways:

• Winning battles. When attacking landed enemies, warscore from battles is capped at 75%, which can be gained by defeating a number of troops equal to the sum of your enemies' fully replenished levies and retinues/horde troops. More warscore when fighting landless rulers (100% for defeating their entire army) and when fighting China using special CBs.
• Winning sieges and occupying enemy territory. Occupying enemy territory can give up to 120% warscore, with significant bonuses for the enemy's demesne (which tends to be easier to capture due to depleted levies), capital, and the territory contested by the CB. Occupying all enemy holdings gives automatic 100% warscore.
• Ticking warscore added monthly when:
  • Completely occupying the contested title, for CBs that name a title. One side must control all holdings that are de jure part of the target title and de facto part of the warring realms. For defenders, gives 15% warscore per year starting after 1 year. For attackers, gives 40% warscore per year starting when the title becomes occupied.
  • The Defender controls all their holdings, for most CBs that do not name a title. This includes CBs that target an entire realm (e.g. Force Vassalization) and CBs that do not target land at all (e.g. Rivalry).
  • The Attacker controls all their holdings, for Independence, Free Tributary, and Overthrow Ruler wars.
• Holding prisoners. If the leader of a war is captured, warscore becomes 100% in his enemy's favour. Captured close relatives of the war leader also affect the war score by 5%, while the current heir counts for 50%.

Warscore gains from victories in battle or from occupying holdings are larger if they're against the war leader as opposed to his allies. Battles have half their usual warscore value during Great Holy Wars.

Warscore is capped at 99% until the leading side has won one major battle (at least 5% warscore contribution), the war has lasted 3 years, or all enemy territory is occupied. This prevents attackers from "winning" with quick sieges while the defenders have their forces elsewhere. However, enemies will usually accept "enforce demands" if you have 80% warscore from occupation, even if other warscore factors are in their favor.

If defensive pacts are enabled, note that fighting pact armies will contribute to warscore, but occupying holdings controlled by pact members will not.

Battles

主条目：Combat

Game Difficulty

It is possible to set game difficulty before start. It ranges from very easy to very hard and morale of both your levies and the AI is affected. Note that these are proportions relative to 1. As such, in Very Hard for instance, your armies will have 75% of their original morale, and your enemies' 150%, namely the double of yours. Defeating their armies will thus require armies which have twice their strength or more.

	Army Morale	AI Army Morale	AI Reinforcement Rate
Very Easy	+0.5	-0.25
Easy	+0.25
Normal
Hard		+0.25	+50%
Very Hard	-0.25	+0.5	+100%

Sieges

All holdings have a basic garrison, which increases in size if certain improvements are constructed. Holdings also have a levy which can be raised. When sieging, you will need to have more troops in the county than the defenders have in their garrison plus levy. If the attackers do not have enough men, no progress will ever be made on the siege. Note that a liege can raise his vassals' troops and the vassals' garrisons will show their levy strength as being at full manpower. However, a character who raises the troops from his (or her) own demesne will have those raised levies taken out of the garrison. This means that it is much easier to siege the holdings of a liege who has raised his demesne troops than it is to siege his vassals.

If the attackers do have enough troops, every 12 days a tick will count and progress will be made on the siege. Once a siege reaches 100% progress, it will be occupied by the attacker, contributing to warscore. The garrison will be massacred and some wealth will be taken from the holding's owner (12-30 gold, depending on the holding type). Its control will pass over to the attacker, and the garrison will slowly replenish over time. However, the levies won't be restored, which makes occupied holdings easier targets for siege and assault than free ones, and slightly eases their liberation.

If the army used for a siege is toggled for raiding, a successful siege will not occupy the holding, but sack it instead. The garrison will be massacred, all the gold stocked in the holding (depending on the riches of the owner) will be taken. A modifier hampering tax will be applied to the holding, but on the plus side the holding won't be able to be pillaged while the modifier is active. However, sieging a sacked holding is usually not difficult (although raiding has to be toggled off, and the army cannot be assigned for raiding again until it returns to friendly territory and the ruler is at peace).

Siege speed

The progress made every 12 days is affected by:

Fortification level

Generally highest for castles (which start with 3.0 regardless of the buildings, while cities have 1.0, temples 1.5, and tribal holdings 0.50) and increased by buildings, such as Walls and Fortifications.

Commander traits

(+10%), (+40%), (+50%). As with all command modifiers, the final influence are influenced by the commander's martial skill, and can be viewed by hovering the mouse over the combat influence icon.

Technology

Relative level of "Siege Equipment" technology. Unit owner capital vs besieged province. +12.5% per full level.

Outnumbered

A higher ratio of attacker forces will make progress slightly faster. Max 3x speed at _____x troops.

Pagan Homeland

66%

Assault

Eventually, the attackers will be able to assault the defending garrison. The amount of time it takes for this option to become available depends on the holding's fortification level and how much the attackers outnumber the defenders. If an assault is ordered, the attackers will start losing large quantities of troops while accelerating the siege progress substantially. Holdings with fort level 6.0 and above cannot be assaulted (this can be changed at the game rules before starting a game); such holdings are usually well upgraded castles. For instance, Constantinople is on early start dates the only holding that cannot be assaulted, with a fort level above 12.0.

When assaulting, it is recommended to have several times the number of troops involved in the attack than the defenders have in their garrison. This will minimize the attacker's casualties, as the defenders are overrun and unable to maintain any level of adequate defense. Assaulting is based on the melee value of the unit, making , and War Elephants rather good at assaults; is quite interestingly extremely powerful for assaults. (This is to ensure that nomads are not at a disadvantage, as their horde troops are exclusively cavalry). Morale damage and regular damage bonuses, (with traits such as , Inspiring Leader, or with artifact bonuses)) also have an influence on assaulting. With slight bonuses on these domains, one can assault successfully a holding even with equivalent numbers.

Assault results depend mainly on two factors: fortification level and garrison. At Charlemagne start date for instance, most castles can be assaulted even with barely 3-4k soldiers, given you have a commander, as garrisons hardly exceed 1k in most provinces -especially Eastern ones- and fortifications 4.50.

Another important factor is the amount of troops inside the holding. While the field soldiers will get killed off rather quickly, the numbers of soldiers in garrison is unlikely to decrease significantly anytime before the final day of assault. The quality of the troops also has an influence: in tribal holdings gets killed easily, while , , are very hard to overcome.

Due to the high attrition penalty you suffer in unreformed Pagan lands, Assaulting may be a necessity. Once a Pagan holding is captured in the province, the attrition penalty is gone. Seeking out holdings where levies have been raised makes both sieges and assaults faster, as there are fewer defenders. To speed up conquest in Pagan lands, consider letting an lead when traveling, and a leading the assault.

On holding types, note that Castles typically have higher fort levels than Cities or Temples; consider sieging Castles and Assaulting the other two holding types for a good mix of speed and reduced casualties.

Tribal holdings have fortification levels comparable to those of cities, and few soldiers within. Thus, they are comparatively easy to assault, as even with as little as 2x their numbers, assaulting a tribe will hardly cost you more than one or two hundred soldiers.

Nomad provinces, on the other hand, are instantly occupied. The nomadic capitals have fort levels comparable to tribal ones, making them relatively easy to overcome. However, building a fort or leaving a small unit on place will be necessary to solidify the occupation of nomadic provinces, and occupying them will grant very little warscore if your enemy has vassalised Tribal Lords or Feudal ones, as most of their occupation warscore will lie in these holdings.

The Home Front

If you are in an offensive war (except Crusades) and raise your vassals' levies, you will gradually incur a stacking opinion penalty, -1 for every 61 days (approximately two months). This penalty will increase as long as your vassals' levies are raised, and will slowly decrease at the same rate it increases. So if you're at war for 4 years, your vassals will end up with a -20 opinion of you which takes 4 years to wear off. If you're a long-reigning ruler with high diplomacy and good vassal relations, this is merely annoying. If you're barely keeping a lid on the dissent as it is, this can be extremely problematic. You can avoid this by calling as few of your vassals' troops as possible or by ending the war as quickly as possible.

Additionally, if your personal levies and retinue get depleted, you could have issues with factions, as they measure the strength of their members against the number of troops you can raise. If half your personal troops are killed off, the power of those factions will increase dramatically, making them more likely to make demands or rebel. This is potentially compounded by more members joining the factions as their opinions of you drop due to the raised levies. Losing many troops is, however, one way to trick a faction - which would normally be too weak - into revolting, thereby allowing you to crush a relatively weak faction and revoke their lands at a mildly convenient time, rather than risking them continuing to gain power and strength and revolting at a truly inconvenient junction. This assumes that you have the wealth to buy mercenaries or that the faction is weak enough to not steamroll assaults through your holdings - you will probably need a bit of time to replenish all those troops you lost, after all.

Strategies

主条目：The Art Of War

There are many strategies you can employ to improve how well you do in war.

Before the war

Attack a weakened enemy. If your enemy is deeply unpopular with his vassals, has just lost an offensive war, is dealing with a rebellion, or is fighting a war over a different CB, you can beat him more easily. See also Weakening rival realms.

Weaken the enemy further with raids. You can start raiding with a fully prepared army while they scramble to gather their levies.

Keep your enemy's allies out. Attack while their allies are busy. Get their allies to like you more, so they choose not to join the war. In some cases you can end an alliance by murdering either one of the rulers, or one of the married couple tying the realms together. Or, if you're powerful enough, declare separate simultaneous wars against the two allied realms. If their allies are also your allies, try declaring war on a third party and calling your allies into that war - with them on your side in another war, they can't be called against you by your real target. Note that since patch 2.5, call to arms acceptance is now automatic and forced. However, allies who are already the primary participant in another war are likely to deal with their other war first.

Make sure your vassals and allies are ready. Your vassals should not have depleted levies and your allies should not be fighting their own wars.

Invite excellent commanders. By the time you reach king rank, you should have at least one , one , and three excellent flank leaders. Both martial skill and traits matter: see Commander#Strategies.

Gathering your army

Raise only the vassal levies you need to avoid unnecessarily angering your vassals. If you only need the troops of a single vassal to fight a war, only raise those troops. This vassal will now be the only one getting annoyed at you, while the rest are unaffected. The other vassals' levies can then be raised later if ever needed. If you're rich enough to support it, you can also consider using only your own levies and retinue, as then no one will be getting annoyed with you; this is not recommended if there are factions against you, as the faction becomes relatively stronger as you lose troops. You can also raise vassal levies for the early part of a war, when the largest battles are fought, and dismiss them during the long siege portion of a war.

Raise vassal levies in the best location. You can raise your vassal's "liege levies" in any county belonging to his sub-realm. This is especially powerful if you plan ahead by giving each major vassal a well-placed county (coastal or near your enemies). You can even disband a levy in one place and immediately re-raise it in another.

Consider hiring mercenaries. They can pay for themselves if they allow you to win a defensive war, or allow you to storm castles rather than slowly siege them. If your enemy is weak or you're rich, you could also carry on the war for a while with only mercenaries to let your "Raised Levies" penalty tick down. Hire a mercenary group whose army composition matches your needs: light infantry and archers for sieges; pikemen for assaults; heavy cavalry and infantry for winning close battles.

Get allied armies to link with yours. You may have to send some troops over to where your allies are sitting.

Picking your battles

Target part of an enemy's army while it is split up. While you might not be able to defeat the entire enemy army at once, you're likely to be able to defeat half their army, and the rest is then easy to mop up.

Avoid splitting your army up into pieces smaller than the total size of the enemy army. If you do, you risk losing a large part of your army, and being reduced to a position where you can no longer fight back. If you have a really good reason to do so, go ahead, but make sure you keep the rest of your army close. (You can see your enemy's army size in the ledger, or the realm tree accessible from his portrait.)

Outmaneuver your enemy. Organizers and ships do wonders for your ability to control when and where battles are fought. In your home territory, you can also disband levies in order to re-raise them elsewhere.

Take account of terrain. If possible, it's better to be the defender. A close battle is more likely to swing in your favour if you're defending in the mountains or forest and your enemy has to cross a river or strait. Conversely, avoid attacking into defensive terrain if you don't have a large advantage in numbers or quality of troops.

Bait enemies into attacking smaller armies, then send in reinforcements. Immediately once combat has started, send in your larger army. If the enemy can't see your reinforcements due to fog of war, even better: you can have your reinforcements already be on the way by the time the battle begins.

When you are losing

Bait enemies into taking attrition. Using an army smaller than theirs, you can continuously pull back, leaving them in a province where their units will slowly die. Only works against large armies or when playing as pagans. Does not work against the attrition-free doomstacks of the Hordes.

When being chased, consider sacrificing a small number of men to let the rest escape. Let a few men remain while the rest go to another province where they can hopefully recover or merge with a larger army. Make sure you leave more than 1/25 of the enemy army, as anything lesser than this amount will be destroyed instantly, and will not slow down the enemy's advance.

Disband any levies that are doomed. You'll lose half your men if not in friendly territory, but you won't lose warscore. And you can re-raise the levies immediately in another location.

Order early retreat when losing severely. When morale is depleted, your army is forced to retreat to a destination not under your control. Before this happens, you can order early retreat by right-clicking a province to escape to. You can even retreat onto ships in this manner, preventing the enemy from chasing you down. If your army is much stronger at skirmish than melee, you can use this trick to skip the melee portion of battle.

Evade capture in sieges by moving your capital before declaring war, appointing adult children as commanders, or getting minor children tutored somewhere safe.

If you realize you will lose, or are facing multiple wars, try to get white peace. As a defender, securing white peace can be considered a minor victory.

Check what the enemy's CB is. If a powerful neighbor is pressing a minor CB like a single-county claim, surrendering immediately is a viable option: your realm won't be significantly weakened, your armies will be intact, and they can't do anything else to you for 10 years.

Other strategies

Bankrupt your enemy. His armies will lose a quarter of their morale, and his mercenaries may turn on him or even join you. You can drain your enemy's cash reserves and deny him income by capturing his demesne holdings. (His yearly income and expenses are shown if you hover over his cash balance, and his budget details are visible in his demesne screen.)

Consider what will give you the most warscore. You may be able to get to 100% and enforce demands without certain battles or sieges, or even without really appearing to have the upper hand.

If possible, occupy your enemy's capital. If you are attacking a large enemy, it might take them several months to move their army from their current position to their capital - often giving you enough time to siege it down. This may allow you to capture your enemies' children, which gives you warscore without actually having to fight their armies. Useful against enemies which are stronger than you. However, the location of the capital may make this strategy difficult; capitals which are located far away from your borders and have hostile terrain may not be worth the effort.

Summary

By outmaneuvering or overpowering the enemy you'll be able to win most battles, and eventually the war itself. Some overall tips:

• Construct buildings to increase the size of your army. More details in the guide on construction
• Research relevant tech. It can give you the edge you need. More details in the guide on technology
• Appoint good commanders. Gain good commanders through marriage, invitations, War focus, or grace boons
• When hiring mercenaries, go for heavy infantry and cavalry
• Keep your vassals happy for more vassal levies
• Strike the right balance between levy law and opinion.
• Don't raise more troops than you need
• Ambush the enemy if possible
• Slow down the enemy's advance by sacrificing units if needed
• Go for the wargoals first
• Go for 100% warscore ASAP
• Divide and conquer
• Utilize the mobility ships give you
• Avoid attacking across rivers and into hills

战争