(→解锁大圣战) |
(→请求大圣战) |
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*目标对进攻方而言是异教徒或异端,或进攻方为原始宗教,则可以对任何不同宗教发起大圣战 | *目标对进攻方而言是异教徒或异端,或进攻方为原始宗教,则可以对任何不同宗教发起大圣战 | ||
*目标不是叛军 | *目标不是叛军 | ||
*目标至少控制6个所选王国的法理省份 | *目标至少控制6个所选王国的法理省份[ Note: Testing indicated that either this number is incorrect, or the target also needs to be a King+ (not a duke) ] | ||
统治者在满足以下条件后可以请求发动大圣战: | 统治者在满足以下条件后可以请求发动大圣战: |
2020年4月5日 (日) 11:19的版本
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十字军、吉哈德和大圣战需要更新。 请更新这篇文章以契合最新版本的游戏,在补充内容后请移除该模板。参见讨论页面以了解详情。 |
十字军、吉哈德和大圣战(英文:Crusades, Jihads and Great Holy Wars)是由宗教领袖号召的战争。所有该宗教的统治者都会被号召起来,共同从敌对宗教手中征服一个法理王国。
当宗教领袖号召大圣战时,所有统治者都会收到提醒,而所有进攻方宗教的统治者都会被要求加入战争。任何拒绝参战的独立统治者,会受到一个封臣对其关系的惩罚,而神权封臣的惩罚会更高。而一旦加入大圣战,该惩罚会被一个加成取代。
亲自带领军队投身大圣战的角色能够获得一个相应宗教的特质,能够提高其军事技能,并提高同宗教的神职人员及拥有相同特质的角色对其的好感。例如,抵达了十字军目标王国的基督教徒会得到 十字军战士特质。通过让更换军队的指挥官,你可以确保你的直属封臣和继承人都获得该特质。
If the war is won, rulers of the attacking religion within the kingdom's de jure borders, and all rulers outside the de jure borders but within the de facto borders, are vassalized; all other titles are usurped. What happens with the seized land depends on the status of the kingdom title.
- If the relevant kingdom exists and the title holder is of the same religion as the attackers, he receives all seized titles.
- If there is no same-faith holder, the land will be given to a claimant determined by the strength of the claim and the claimant's participation in the Crusade.
- Otherwise, whoever participated the most will gain the kingdom. Participation, as with other wars, is calculated by troops thrown into battle and the capturing of territory. If the victor is vassal to a king or below, they will become independent. If the target was Jerusalem, a Catholic victor might be compelled to give it up to the Knights Templar, which provides a large amount of piety.
If the targeted kingdom does not exist, it is created for free and given to the victor.
If the holder of the kingdom is not of the religion of the attackers but is involved in wars besides the crusade, the kingdom title will not be granted, though all vassal titles will. Once the holder is not at war, it can be usurped.
Note that new mechanics have been added to Catholic/Fraticelli crusades with Patch 3.0, thus distinguishing them from other GHWs.
宗教间差异
所有宗教的宣战理由都是相同的,但其名字和发起者因进攻方宗教不同而不同:
- 十字军:
- 吉哈德:
- 大圣战:
以下宗教无十字军或等价物:
- 清洁派、罗拉德派、瓦勒度派
- 东正教与其异端
- 基督合性派与其异端
- 聂斯脱里派与其异端
- 诵经派
- 德鲁兹派
- 马兹达克派、摩尼教
- 撒玛利亚派、圣经派
- 东方宗教: 印度教, 佛教, 耆那教, 道教
- (通用的)原始宗教
大圣战可被用来对抗异教徒和异端(如果本身是异端则对抗主流宗教)。此外原始宗教间可以相互大圣战;伊斯兰教和基督教不能(除第四次十字军外)。如果东西教会大分裂被弥合,则天主教教宗和小兄弟会教宗都无法号召大圣战。
解锁大圣战
不同宗教解锁大圣战的条件不同。举例来说,天主教十字军默认会像历史上那样在11世纪开始,但如果基督教的关键省份陷入危机(取决于省份的最高领主之宗教),十字军也能够被提前发动。但是无论如何十字军和吉哈德绝不会在公元900年之前发动。其他宗教的统治者应该避免过早触发十字军,因为许多天主教骑士团也会同时成立,天主教统治者可以花费虔诚来雇佣他们以抵御异端和异教徒。
宗教 | 条件 | MTTH |
---|---|---|
天主教 |
|
10年 |
以下任一:
|
3个月 | |
伊斯兰教 |
|
10年 |
以下任一:
|
3个月 | |
原始宗教 |
|
10年 |
祆教 |
|
立即 |
犹太教 |
|
立即 |
当游玩随机宗教名称的另类开局时,大圣战会在满足以下条件后解锁:
- 至少1100年,且
- 至少存在5个王国级以上的独立统治者
请求大圣战
宗教领袖在满足以下条件后可以号召大圣战:
- 该宗教的大圣战已解锁
- 距离该宗教上次大圣战结束已经过去30年
- 将鼠标悬停在任何角色的宗教图标上,可以查看其宗教下次大圣战何时可发动
- 宗教权威 > 5%
- 天主教/小兄弟会在东西教会大分裂被弥合后无法发动十字军
- 天主教/小兄弟会教宗如果因许诺参与人数不足而取消十字军,则该教宗在未来十年内无法再次发动另一场十字军(需要确认)
- ,如果处于摄政,其内阁必须批准。内阁总是批准天主教十字军。
大圣战目标必须符合以下条件:
- 目标对进攻方而言是异教徒或异端,或进攻方为原始宗教,则可以对任何不同宗教发起大圣战
- 目标不是叛军
- 目标至少控制6个所选王国的法理省份[ Note: Testing indicated that either this number is incorrect, or the target also needs to be a King+ (not a duke) ]
统治者在满足以下条件后可以请求发动大圣战:
- 处于和平
- 未处于与宗教领袖的战争中
- 没有对立教宗
- 非目标国的封臣
- 与目标国没有休战协议
- 拥有至少500虔诚
- 只有基督徒可以请求十字军(需要确认)
- 教宗没有调集个人或全国征召兵,否则不会显示该选项(需要确认)
玩家可以右键点击独立统治者,选择「请求发动十字军」,然后选择该统治者控制的一个王国 如果教宗是一个封臣,其领主必须允许封臣对外发动战争。
神圣之怒的十字军
With patch 3.0 installed, crusades begin two years after the date the Pope calls them. Rulers can pledge themselves to the crusade either at the announcement, or at any point during the next two years, after which they will be obligated to declare war on the defending realm when the crusade begins. They can retract the pledge at any point, but doing so will incur a relations drop with the Pope. During the two year waiting period, the player can spend piety to change the target of the crusade, and participating rulers can donate gold and artifacts to a war chest.
On a victorious crusade, the contents of the war chest, along with land and titles, will be granted to the participants of the crusade based on their war contribution.
Crusade beneficiaries
Each participant is encouraged to select a dynasty member as their crusade beneficiary. Beneficiaries must be:
- A member of the ruler's dynasty
- At least 12 years old
- Unlanded
- Not the heir to a title
The beneficiary of the highest contributor will get the kingdom title. The kingdom recipient also gains the Crusader King/Queen trait, giving +35 same religion opinion and other benefits, but disqualifying them from most elections. In the First Crusade only, the recipient also founds the Crusade Lord bloodline.
Beneficiaries of other contributors will be given lower titles (duchies, counties, minor castles) in order of contribution. All beneficiaries who gain titles gain a flag that ensures all dynasty members gain +1 monthly piety during their lifetime.
Players have the option to take the titles for themselves instead of for a beneficiary. However, selecting such a self-serving stance incurs a -20 opinion penalty with the Pope for the next 20 years, which will not go away if the player changes their stance.
取消十字军
When the time comes to crusade (about 2 years after the date the Pope calls it), if the relative strength of all participants of the upcoming crusade is less than 75% of all those supporting the target, the Pope will be very disappointed and cancel the crusade. As the Pope blames everyone for faithlessness, everyone will lose 100 piety. In addition to that, a new crusade cannot be called for a period of time. The religion of the Pope who called the crusade (Catholic or Fraticelli) will lose 10% MA for 10 years.
十字军国家
During a crusade, if you are at least a duke and you occupy all the titles of a duchy that is not part of the kingdom target by the crusade (for example, if the crusade is for Jerusalem and you siege a duchy in Egypt or Syria), you can take a title decision (click on the crest of the province you want to be the new state's capital) and form the crusader state. You can decide to incorporate the state into your kingdom, abdicate your throne to rule over the new state or put your Crusade Beneficiary in charge (you can then play as the Crusade Beneficiary).
You must:
- have at least 500 prestige
- have at least 300 gold
- occupy all of the de jure Counties of the duchy
- have a Crusade beneficiary or someone who has the potential to become a Crusade Beneficiary
- does not have the character modifier Settled Crusaders (starts when you create a Crusader state and lasts 15 years)
Other requirements:
- the duchy must be coastal or neighbor a non-heretical Christian
- all the de jure County title owners are fighting the Crusade
AND:
either
- the duchy must not be the target of the Crusade
or
- none of the de jure County titles are held by the Crusade target or its vassals[1]
大圣战目标权重
Below is a list of weights for various titles for each religion. Religious heads will usually call GHWs on the title with the highest weight that is not controlled by their religion. For example, the Catholic Pope will usually call a crusade for Italy rather than Jerusalem if both are held by non-Christians. Unlisted religions have no weighting, so the religious head makes his own call. (Checked for bön)
Title | Catholic | Orthodox | Muslim | Germanic | Slavic | Romuva | Suomenusko | Tengri | West African | Zoroastrian | Zunist | Jewish | Hellenic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Papacy | 10000 | 10000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5000 |
Empire of Scandinavia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Empire of Carpathia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Empire of Persia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 0 |
Empire of Rajastan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Frisia | 700 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Lotharingia | 5000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Pomerania | 400 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 500 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Bavaria | 2000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Germany | 5000 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Saxony | 3000 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Bohemia | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Greece | 2000 | 5000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5000 |
Kingdom of Anatolia | 75 | 300 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Armenia | 0 | 300 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Bulgaria | 100 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Serbia | 100 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Croatia | 1000 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Sicily | 500 | 50 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5000 |
Kingdom of Sweden | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Denmark | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Norway | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Finland | 40 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 50 | 100 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Poland | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Great Moravia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Lithuania | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 500 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Rus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 100 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Ruthenia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Perm | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 500 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Cumania | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Volga Bulgaria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Taurica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Alania | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Turkestan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 150 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Persia | 0 | 0 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4000 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Iraq | 0 | 0 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2000 | 300 | 500 | 0 |
Kingdom of Daylam | 0 | 0 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 300 | 100 | 0 |
Kingdom of Afghanistan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 1000 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Sistan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1500 | 300 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Transoxiana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 2000 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Mesopotamia | 0 | 0 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2000 | 300 | 500 | 0 |
Kingdom of Georgia | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Wallachia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Hungary | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Italy | 10000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5000 |
Kingdom of France | 5000 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Aquitaine | 5000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Brittany | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Burgundy | 5000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Castille | 250 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Aragon | 250 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of León | 250 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Galicia | 250 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Asturias | 250 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Portugal | 250 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Andalusia | 100 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Arabia | 0 | 0 | 4000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Yemen | 0 | 0 | 3000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Egypt | 450 | 20 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 500 | 1000 |
Kingdom of Jerusalem | 500 | 0 | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 3000 | 0 |
Kingdom of Syria | 0 | 200 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Mauretania | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Africa | 0 | 10 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Abyssinia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
Kingdom of England | 300 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Wales | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Scotland | 300 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Ireland | 300 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Mali | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Punjab | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 150 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Cyprus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 |
Kingdom of Epirus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2000 |
Kingdom of Trebizond | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5000 |
Kingdom of Thrace | 2000 | 2000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5000 |
Kingdom of Romagna | 10000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Estonia | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kingdom of Laponia | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Uppland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Thrace | 125 | 250 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Benevento | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Capua | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Apulia | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Salerno | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Calabria | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Latium | 750 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Medina | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Jerusalem | 250 | 0 | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Kabul | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Zabulistan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Baghdad | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 |
Duchy of Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
County of Constantinople | 250 | 500 | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
County of Roma | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
County of Medina | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
County of Mecca | 0 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
County of Jerusalem | 250 | 0 | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
另见
参考
- ↑ Reddit - How to form a Crusader State Explained , https://www.reddit.com/r/CrusaderKings/comments/a954s4/how_to_form_a_crusader_state_explained/