部落:修订间差异

本页面所适用的版本可能已经过时,最后更新于2.8
无编辑摘要
第25行: 第25行:
|0.5
|0.5
|-
|-
![[File:Fort level.png]]
![[File: 要塞等级.png]]
!要塞等级
!要塞等级
|1
|1
第50行: 第50行:
! Earth Hillfort
! Earth Hillfort
| 37.5 {{icon|gold}}
| 37.5 {{icon|gold}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+0.25}} fort level <br/> {{green|+5%}} levy size <br/> {{green|+100}} [[retinue]] size
| {{green|+0.25}} 要塞等级 <br/> {{green|+5%}} 征召兵规模 <br/> {{green|+100}} [[retinue]] size
第58行: 第58行:
! Wooden Hillfort
! Wooden Hillfort
| 75 {{icon|gold}}
| 75 {{icon|gold}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+0.25}} fort level <br/> {{green|+5%}} levy size
| {{green|+0.25}} 要塞等级 <br/> {{green|+5%}} 征召兵规模
| Earth Hillfort
| Earth Hillfort
|
|
第66行: 第66行:
! Reinforced Hillfort
! Reinforced Hillfort
| 112.5 {{icon|gold}}
| 112.5 {{icon|gold}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+0.25}} fort level <br/> {{green|+5%}} levy size
| {{green|+0.25}} 要塞等级 <br/> {{green|+5%}} 征召兵规模
| Wooden Hillfort
| Wooden Hillfort
| Castle Infrastructure I
| Castle Infrastructure I
第74行: 第74行:
! Stone Hillfort
! Stone Hillfort
| 150 {{icon|gold}}
| 150 {{icon|gold}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+0.25}} fort level <br/> {{green|+5%}} levy size
| {{green|+0.25}} 要塞等级 <br/> {{green|+5%}} 征召兵规模
| Reinforced Hillfort
| Reinforced Hillfort
| Castle Infrastructure I
| Castle Infrastructure I
第98行: 第98行:
! Market Village
! Market Village
| 37.5 {{icon|gold}}
| 37.5 {{icon|gold}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+0.5}} income <br /> {{green|+20}} retinue size
| {{green|+0.5}} income <br /> {{green|+20}} 近卫军规模
|
|
|
|
第106行: 第106行:
! Market Town
! Market Town
| 75 {{icon|gold}}
| 75 {{icon|gold}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+0.5}} income
| {{green|+0.5}} income
| Market Village
| Market Village
第114行: 第114行:
! Market City
! Market City
| 112.5 {{icon|gold}}
| 112.5 {{icon|gold}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+0.5}} income 
| {{green|+0.5}} income 
| Market Town
| Market Town
第122行: 第122行:
! Large Market City
! Large Market City
| 150 {{icon|gold}}
| 150 {{icon|gold}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+0.5}} income 
| {{green|+0.5}} income 
| Market City
| Market City
第145行: 第145行:
! Shipbuilder I
! Shipbuilder I
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+6}} galleys 
| {{green|+6}} {{icon|galleys}}
| Shipbuilding I
| Shipbuilding I
第153行: 第153行:
! Shipbuilder II
! Shipbuilder II
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 730 days
| 730
| {{green|+7}} galleys 
| {{green|+7}} {{icon|galleys}}
| Shipbuilder I
| Shipbuilder I
| Shipbuilding II
| Shipbuilding II
第161行: 第161行:
! Shipbuilder III
! Shipbuilder III
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 1095 days
| 1095
| {{green|+8}} galleys 
| {{green|+8}} {{icon|galleys}}
| Shipbuilder II
| Shipbuilder II
| Shipbuilding III
| Shipbuilding III
第169行: 第169行:
! Shipbuilder IV
! Shipbuilder IV
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 1460 days
| 1460
| {{green|+9}} galleys
| {{green|+9}} {{icon|galleys}}
| Shipbuilder III
| Shipbuilder III
| Shipbuilding IV
| Shipbuilding IV
第189行: 第189行:
! Training Grounds I
! Training Grounds I
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+2.5%}} levy size <br/> {{green|+2.5%}} garrison size
| {{green|+2.5%}} 征召兵规模 <br/> {{green|+2.5%}} 守备部队规模
|
|
第196行: 第196行:
! Training Grounds II
! Training Grounds II
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 547 days
| 547
| {{green|+5%}} levy size <br/> {{green|+5%}} garrison size
| {{green|+5%}} 征召兵规模 <br/> {{green|+5%}} 守备部队规模
| Training Grounds I
| Training Grounds I
| Upgrades to Keep I / (City) Training Grounds I
| Upgrades to Keep I / (City) Training Grounds I
第203行: 第203行:
! Training Grounds III
! Training Grounds III
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 730 days
| 730
| {{green|+7.5%}} levy size <br/> {{green|+7.5%}} garrison size
| {{green|+7.5%}} 征召兵规模 <br/> {{green|+7.5%}} 守备部队规模
| Training Grounds II
| Training Grounds II
|
|
第210行: 第210行:
! Training Grounds IV
! Training Grounds IV
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 1095 days
| 1095
| {{green|+10%}} levy size <br/> {{green|+10%}} garrison size
| {{green|+10%}} 征召兵规模 <br/> {{green|+10%}} 守备部队规模
| Training Grounds III
| Training Grounds III
| Upgrades to Keep II / (City) Training Grounds II
| Upgrades to Keep II / (City) Training Grounds II
第229行: 第229行:
! War Camp I
! War Camp I
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+40}} light infantry
| {{green|+40}} {{icon|light infantry}}
|
|
|
|
第236行: 第236行:
! War Camp II
! War Camp II
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 547 days
| 547
| {{green|+40}} light infantry
| {{green|+40}} {{icon|light infantry}}
| War Camp I
| War Camp I
| Converts to Barracks I / Mustering Ground I
| Converts to Barracks I / Mustering Ground I
第243行: 第243行:
! War Camp III
! War Camp III
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 730 days
| 730
| {{green|+40}} light infantry
| {{green|+40}} {{icon|light infantry}}
| War Camp II
| War Camp II
|
|
第250行: 第250行:
! War Camp IV
! War Camp IV
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 1095 days
| 1095
| {{green|+40}} light infantry
| {{green|+40}} {{icon|light infantry}}
| War Camp III
| War Camp III
| Converts to Barracks II / Mustering Ground II
| Converts to Barracks II / Mustering Ground II
第269行: 第269行:
! Practice Range I
! Practice Range I
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+15}} archers
| {{green|+15}} {{icon|archers}}
|
|
|
|
第276行: 第276行:
! Practice Range II
! Practice Range II
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 547 days
| 547
| {{green|+15}} archers
| {{green|+15}} {{icon|archers}}
| Practice Range I
| Practice Range I
| Converts to Militia Training Grounds I / City Barracks I
| Converts to Militia Training Grounds I / City Barracks I
第283行: 第283行:
! Practice Range III
! Practice Range III
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 730 days
| 730
| {{green|+15}} archers
| {{green|+15}} {{icon|archers}}
| Practice Range II
| Practice Range II
|
|
第290行: 第290行:
! Practice Range IV
! Practice Range IV
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 1095 days
| 1095
| {{green|+15}} archers
| {{green|+15}} {{icon|archers}}
| Practice Range III
| Practice Range III
| Converts to Militia Training Grounds II / City Barracks II
| Converts to Militia Training Grounds II / City Barracks II
第311行: 第311行:
! Barracks I
! Barracks I
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+12}} archers <br/> {{green|+10}} light cavalry
| {{green|+12}} {{icon|archers}} <br/> {{green|+10}} {{icon|light cavalry}}
|
|
|-
|-
! Barracks II
! Barracks II
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 547 days
| 547 
| {{green|+12}} archers <br/> {{green|+10}} light cavalry
| {{green|+12}} {{icon|archers}} <br/> {{green|+10}} {{icon|light cavalry}}
| Barracks I
| Barracks I
| Converts to Steppe Barracks I / Guard I
| Converts to Steppe Barracks I / Guard I
第324行: 第324行:
! Barracks III
! Barracks III
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 730 days
| 730
| {{green|+12}} archers <br/> {{green|+10}} light cavalry
| {{green|+12}} {{icon|archers}} <br/> {{green|+10}} {{icon|light cavalry}}
| Barracks II
| Barracks II
|
|
第331行: 第331行:
! Barracks IV
! Barracks IV
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 1095 days
| 1095
| {{green|+12}} archers <br/> {{green|+10}} light cavalry
| {{green|+12}} {{icon|archers}} <br/> {{green|+10}} {{icon|light cavalry}}
| Barracks III
| Barracks III
| Converts to Steppe Barracks II / Guard II
| Converts to Steppe Barracks II / Guard II
第352行: 第352行:
! Stables I
! Stables I
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+12}} light cavalry <br/> {{green|+5}} horse archers
| {{green|+12}} {{icon|light cavalry}} <br/> {{green|+5}} {{icon|horse archers}}
|
|
|
|
第359行: 第359行:
! Stables II
! Stables II
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 547 days
| 547
| {{green|+12}} light cavalry <br/> {{green|+5}} horse archers
| {{green|+12}} {{icon|light cavalry}} <br/> {{green|+5}} {{icon|horse archers}}
| Stables I
| Stables I
| Converts to Steppe Stables I / Barracks I
| Converts to Steppe Stables I / Barracks I
第366行: 第366行:
! Stables III
! Stables III
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 730 days
| 730
| {{green|+12}} light cavalry <br/> {{green|+5}} horse archers
| {{green|+12}} {{icon|light cavalry}} <br/> {{green|+5}} {{icon|horse archers}}
| Stables II
| Stables II
|
|
第373行: 第373行:
! Stable IV
! Stable IV
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 1095 days
| 1095
| {{green|+12}} light cavalry <br/> {{green|+5}} horse archers
| {{green|+12}} {{icon|light cavalry}} <br/> {{green|+5}} {{icon|horse archers}}
| Stables III
| Stables III
| Converts to Steppe Stables II / Barracks II
| Converts to Steppe Stables II / Barracks II
第392行: 第392行:
! Weaponsmith I
! Weaponsmith I
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 100 {{icon|prestige}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+10%}} morale <br/> {{green|+10%}} reinforce rate <br/ > {{green|+25}} retinue size
| {{green|+10%}} 士气 <br/> {{green|+10%}} 补员速率 <br/ > {{green|+25}} 近卫军规模
|
|
|
|
第399行: 第399行:
! Weaponsmith II
! Weaponsmith II
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 200 {{icon|prestige}}
| 547 days
| 547
| {{green|+10%}} morale <br/> {{green|+10%}} reinforce rate <br/ > {{green|+20}} retinue size
| {{green|+10%}} 士气 <br/> {{green|+10%}} 补员速率 <br/ > {{green|+20}} 近卫军规模
| Weaponsmith I
| Weaponsmith I
| Converts to Training Grounds I / Arsenal I*
| Converts to Training Grounds I / Arsenal I*
第406行: 第406行:
! Weaponsmith III
! Weaponsmith III
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 300 {{icon|prestige}}
| 730 days
| 730
| {{green|+10%}} morale <br/> {{green|+10%}} reinforce rate <br/ > {{green|+15}} retinue size
| {{green|+10%}} 士气 <br/> {{green|+10%}} 补员速率 <br/ > {{green|+15}} 近卫军规模
| Weaponsmith II
| Weaponsmith II
|
|
第413行: 第413行:
! Weaponsmith IV
! Weaponsmith IV
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 400 {{icon|prestige}}
| 1095 days
| 1095
| {{green|+10%}} morale <br/> {{green|+10%}} reinforce rate <br/ > {{green|+10}} retinue size
| {{green|+10%}} 士气 <br/> {{green|+10%}} 补员速率 <br/ > {{green|+10}} 近卫军规模
| Weaponsmith III
| Weaponsmith III
| Converts to Training Grounds II / Arsenal II*
| Converts to Training Grounds II / Arsenal II*
第437行: 第437行:
! Wall and Ditch
! Wall and Ditch
| 100 {{icon|piety}}
| 100 {{icon|piety}}
| 365 days
| 365
| {{green|+0.2}} fort level <br/> {{green|+15%}} garrison size <br/> {{green|+10}} archers 
| {{green|+0.2}} 要塞等级 <br/> {{green|+15%}} 守备部队规模 <br/> {{green|+10}} {{icon|archers}}
|
|
|
|
第444行: 第444行:
! Camouflaged Outposts
! Camouflaged Outposts
| 200 {{icon|piety}}
| 200 {{icon|piety}}
| 547 days
| 547
| {{green|+0.2}} fort level <br/> {{green|+15%}} garrison size <br/> {{green|+10}} archers 
| {{green|+0.2}} 要塞等级 <br/> {{green|+15%}} 守备部队规模 <br/> {{green|+10}} {{icon|archers}}
| Wall and Ditch
| Wall and Ditch
| Converts to Castle Fortifications I/Town Fortifications I
| Converts to Castle Fortifications I/Town Fortifications I
第451行: 第451行:
! Layered Palisades
! Layered Palisades
| 300 {{icon|piety}}
| 300 {{icon|piety}}
| 730 days
| 730
| {{green|+0.2}} fort level <br/> {{green|+15%}} garrison size <br/> {{green|+10}} archers 
| {{green|+0.2}} 要塞等级 <br/> {{green|+15%}} 守备部队规模 <br/> {{green|+10}} {{icon|archers}}
| Camouflaged Outposts
| Camouflaged Outposts
|
|
第458行: 第458行:
! Stone Watchtowers
! Stone Watchtowers
| 400 {{icon|piety}}
| 400 {{icon|piety}}
| 1095 days
| 1095
| {{green|+0.2}} fort level <br/> {{green|+15%}} garrison size <br/> {{green|+10}} archers 
| {{green|+0.2}} 要塞等级 <br/> {{green|+15%}} 守备部队规模 <br/> {{green|+10}} {{icon|archers}}
| Layered Palisades
| Layered Palisades
| Converts to Castle Fortifications II/Town Fortifications II
| Converts to Castle Fortifications II/Town Fortifications II

2019年3月14日 (四) 00:12的版本

部落地产

部落(英文:Tribe)是部落制统治者的首选聚居地类型。每个省份至多只能有一个部落,但省份内每一个空槽位都会为其提供+50%收入征召兵规模。大部分政体(除了游牧制)允许无惩罚持有相同文化的部落地产。如果游牧统治者定居为了部落,其所有游牧省份都会获得一个部落地产,且依旧由之前的领主统治。

在游戏开局时,部落往往是部落省份唯一的地产。随着游戏的进行,富有的部落制统治者可能会建造神殿

部落制统治者可以在没有部落地产的省份建造部落。花费为省份中空槽数量乘以25的Icon prestige.png威望,建造部落耗时仅一年。

部落地产可通过两种方式升级为其他类型的聚居地:

  1. 部落制统治者采用封建制或成立商业共和国时,其所有直辖部落会一并升级;
  2. 已是先进政体的统治者可以升级同宗教省份内的部落。部落还可以通过被游牧民劫掠或已定居统治者决定在同一槽位建立其他类型的聚居地被摧毁。

与其他地产不同的是,部落地产中大部分建筑花费Icon prestige.png威望而非Icon wealth.png金钱。例外的是山堡市场防御工事

基础数据

所有地产有其一定的基础数据,提供收入、要塞等级和征召兵,所以即使是新建的地产也有一定的价值。

属性
Icon wealth.png 收入 0.5
File:要塞等级.png 要塞等级 1
Levy.png 征召兵
轻步兵 重步兵 弓箭手
100 5 20



山堡

价格 建造时间(天) 效果 要求 科技要求 备注
Earth Hillfort 37.5 Icon wealth.png 365 +0.25 要塞等级
+5% 征召兵规模
+100 retinue size
Wooden Hillfort 75 Icon wealth.png 365 +0.25 要塞等级
+5% 征召兵规模
Earth Hillfort Converts to City Walls I (if holding converted to city)
Reinforced Hillfort 112.5 Icon wealth.png 365 +0.25 要塞等级
+5% 征召兵规模
Wooden Hillfort Castle Infrastructure I
Stone Hillfort 150 Icon wealth.png 365 +0.25 要塞等级
+5% 征召兵规模
Reinforced Hillfort Castle Infrastructure I

Converts to City Walls II (if holding converted to city)
Required for tribal rulers to adopt feudalism
Required for feudal rulers to upgrade tribe to castle

市场

价格 建造时间(天) 效果 要求 科技要求 备注
Market Village 37.5 Icon wealth.png 365 +0.5 income
+20 近卫军规模
Market Town 75 Icon wealth.png 365 +0.5 income Market Village Converts to Castle Town I (if holding converted to castle)
Market City 112.5 Icon wealth.png 365 +0.5 income Market Town Town Infrastructure I
Large Market City 150 Icon wealth.png 365 +0.5 income Market City Town Infrastructure I Converts to Castle Town II (if holding converted to castle)
Allows changing holding to city

造船厂

Shipyards can only be built in coastal provinces.

价格 建造时间(天) 效果 要求 科技要求 备注
Shipbuilder I 100 Icon prestige.png 365 +6 Ships.png Shipbuilding I Converts to Castle Shipyard I / City Shipyard I
Shipbuilder II 200 Icon prestige.png 730 +7 Ships.png Shipbuilder I Shipbuilding II Converts to Castle Shipyard II / City Shipyard II
Shipbuilder III 300 Icon prestige.png 1095 +8 Ships.png Shipbuilder II Shipbuilding III Converts to Castle Shipyard III / City Shipyard III
Shipbuilder IV 400 Icon prestige.png 1460 +9 Ships.png Shipbuilder III Shipbuilding IV Converts to Castle Shipyard IV / City Shipyard IV

练兵场

价格 建造时间(天) 效果 要求 备注
Training Grounds I 100 Icon prestige.png 365 +2.5% 征召兵规模
+2.5% 守备部队规模
Training Grounds II 200 Icon prestige.png 547 +5% 征召兵规模
+5% 守备部队规模
Training Grounds I Upgrades to Keep I / (City) Training Grounds I
Training Grounds III 300 Icon prestige.png 730 +7.5% 征召兵规模
+7.5% 守备部队规模
Training Grounds II
Training Grounds IV 400 Icon prestige.png 1095 +10% 征召兵规模
+10% 守备部队规模
Training Grounds III Upgrades to Keep II / (City) Training Grounds II

战营

价格 建造时间(天) 效果 要求 备注
War Camp I 100 Icon prestige.png 365 +40 Light infantry.png
War Camp II 200 Icon prestige.png 547 +40 Light infantry.png War Camp I Converts to Barracks I / Mustering Ground I
War Camp III 300 Icon prestige.png 730 +40 Light infantry.png War Camp II
War Camp IV 400 Icon prestige.png 1095 +40 Light infantry.png War Camp III Converts to Barracks II / Mustering Ground II

操练营

价格 建造时间(天) 效果 要求 备注
Practice Range I 100 Icon prestige.png 365 +15 Archers.png
Practice Range II 200 Icon prestige.png 547 +15 Archers.png Practice Range I Converts to Militia Training Grounds I / City Barracks I
Practice Range III 300 Icon prestige.png 730 +15 Archers.png Practice Range II
Practice Range IV 400 Icon prestige.png 1095 +15 Archers.png Practice Range III Converts to Militia Training Grounds II / City Barracks II

(草原)军营

Replaces the War camp for cultures from Altaic and Magyar culture groups in provinces with steppe terrain.

价格 建造时间(天) 效果 要求 备注
Barracks I 100 Icon prestige.png 365 +12 Archers.png
+10 Light cavalry.png
Barracks II 200 Icon prestige.png 547 +12 Archers.png
+10 Light cavalry.png
Barracks I Converts to Steppe Barracks I / Guard I
Barracks III 300 Icon prestige.png 730 +12 Archers.png
+10 Light cavalry.png
Barracks II
Barracks IV 400 Icon prestige.png 1095 +12 Archers.png
+10 Light cavalry.png
Barracks III Converts to Steppe Barracks II / Guard II

马厩

Replaces the Practice Range for cultures from Altaic and Magyar culture groups in provinces with steppe terrain.

价格 建造时间(天) 效果 要求 备注
Stables I 100 Icon prestige.png 365 +12 Light cavalry.png
+5 Horse archers.png
Stables II 200 Icon prestige.png 547 +12 Light cavalry.png
+5 Horse archers.png
Stables I Converts to Steppe Stables I / Barracks I
Stables III 300 Icon prestige.png 730 +12 Light cavalry.png
+5 Horse archers.png
Stables II
Stable IV 400 Icon prestige.png 1095 +12 Light cavalry.png
+5 Horse archers.png
Stables III Converts to Steppe Stables II / Barracks II

武器匠

价格 建造时间(天) 效果 要求 备注
Weaponsmith I 100 Icon prestige.png 365 +10% 士气
+10% 补员速率
+25 近卫军规模
Weaponsmith II 200 Icon prestige.png 547 +10% 士气
+10% 补员速率
+20 近卫军规模
Weaponsmith I Converts to Training Grounds I / Arsenal I*
Weaponsmith III 300 Icon prestige.png 730 +10% 士气
+10% 补员速率
+15 近卫军规模
Weaponsmith II
Weaponsmith IV 400 Icon prestige.png 1095 +10% 士气
+10% 补员速率
+10 近卫军规模
Weaponsmith III Converts to Training Grounds II / Arsenal II*
  • Note: since an arsenal can only be built in the capital of a merchant republic, a weaponsmith will do nothing in a non-capital upgraded to a city.

防御工事

These buildings may only be built by followers of a defensive pagan religion. They cost Icon piety.png虔诚 instead of Icon prestige.png威望

价格 建造时间(天) 效果 要求 备注
Wall and Ditch 100 Icon piety.png 365 +0.2 要塞等级
+15% 守备部队规模
+10 Archers.png
Camouflaged Outposts 200 Icon piety.png 547 +0.2 要塞等级
+15% 守备部队规模
+10 Archers.png
Wall and Ditch Converts to Castle Fortifications I/Town Fortifications I
Layered Palisades 300 Icon piety.png 730 +0.2 要塞等级
+15% 守备部队规模
+10 Archers.png
Camouflaged Outposts
Stone Watchtowers 400 Icon piety.png 1095 +0.2 要塞等级
+15% 守备部队规模
+10 Archers.png
Layered Palisades Converts to Castle Fortifications II/Town Fortifications II
地产 
聚居地 城堡城市神殿部落游牧制首都
特殊地产 家族宅邸贸易站堡垒医院
概念 首都/首府经济征召兵叛乱科技文化建筑奇观