查看“均分继承法”的源代码

{{version|2.8}}

[[File:Plot succ gavelkind.png]] {{N|均分继承法|Gavelkind}}是将土地分给统治者子女的[[继承]]法。

年龄最大者继承[[主头衔]]并且成为新的玩家角色。已故统治者的其他头衔以大致平等的方式分配给所有符合条件的孩子。年龄较小的继承人成为封臣（或者独立统治者，如果他们继承了同等级头衔）。

均分继承法可能是最难掌控的继承法。它需要一些知识才能从其优势中受益，同时又不会因为兄弟姐妹之间继承战争的风险增加而遭受太多痛苦，因为兄弟姐妹们现在既有宣称又有军队。

==可得性==

均分继承法是大多数封建国家的初始继承类型。它最容易采用，没有[[王权]]/行政体制/科技要求。均分继承法也是派系最爱；软弱的统治者将常常被封臣强迫采用均分继承法。

对于[[部落制|部落]]统治者或未改革[[原始宗教]]，均分继承法是可采用的几种继承类型之一。他们唯一的其他选择通常是[[选举均分继承法]]，这被广泛认为是更差的。（既是部落也是未改革原始宗教徒的统治者进一步受限制，''只''能采用选举均分继承法。）

但是，{{icon|soi}} 伊斯兰教部落统治者可以采用[[土耳其继承法]]；凯尔特文化（或者角色拥有允许采用[[凯尔特选任法]] {{icon|hf}} [[血脉]]) 可以采用凯尔特选任法；同时非洲泛灵教/洛姆瓦教部落统治者可以采用 {{icon|hf}}[[长老选举制]]。拥有 {{icon|con}} 御前会议，大部分封建国家将能够采用[[选举君主制]]，一旦他们通过“内阁权力”法，以锁定选举君主制作为唯一继承类型为代价换取完全内阁权力。

==优点==

均分继承法通过几种方式减少派系叛乱风险：

* 统治者可以持有额外30%[[直辖领]]，使他们相比封臣可能更强大。
* 同家族或不同家族的封臣都对统治者+5好感（[[凯尔特选任法]]也有此优点）。
* 出现要求改变继承法的[[派系]]的可能性减小（[[选举君主制]]也有此优点）。 <!-- Factions for feudal elective can be popular, but are only allowed in realms where the crown has already been fully stripped of power: min crown authority / all 7 of the main [[council laws]] are in favor of council votes. Furthermore, even when vassals can join factions for feudal elective, the faction has a 0.7x priority factor if the current law is gavelkind. -->

在均分继承法下，你不会因无地的成年儿子而受[[威望]]惩罚。

==缺点==

均分继承法为继承危机创造了完美条件。主要继承人可能失去他们大部分的直辖领，甚至可能缩减至一个省份。同时，新统治者的兄弟姐妹既有宣称又继承了土地，允许他们创建派系来要求他们自己的安置。

均分继承法使统治者消极采取可能有利的行动，例如拥有许多子女或持有许多头衔；这意味着创建一个均分继承法下的帝国需要角色同时积累金币和威望来创建第二个王国头衔和帝国头衔。

均分继承法有几条限制来防止你把一切给长子女：

* 受均分继承法''管制''，你不能[[头衔行为#销毁|销毁]]头衔（除了[[名誉头衔]]）。
* 你不能授予你的主要继承人多于一个省份。也就是说，你不能授予他们一个公爵头衔或第二个省份。（但是，你可以通过授予额外的[[城堡]]或部落来加强他们）。
** 此外，你只能授予你的主要继承人一个他们预期继承的省份。
* 基督教信徒不能通过使继承人成为主教来剥夺''任何''继承人的继承权<sup>{{red|?}}</sup>。

==详细说明==

===选择继承人===

符合条件的子女由[[继承#性别法|性别法]]绝地。男性优先均分继承法采用一种强烈的偏向男性的形式：当同时有儿子和女儿时，仅儿子将会继承。

拥有均分继承法，死去角色不会如同[[长子继承法]]一样“占据位置”。如果你的长子（女）去世，你可以指望你的二儿子继承而不是还没准备好的孙子继承。

[https://www.reddit.com/r/CrusaderKings/comments/6i82xz/primogeniture_and_gavelkind_in_ck2_explained/ This Reddit thread] gives more details.

===Creation of claims===

As with any succession law, all of the deceased ruler's children get [[claims]] on all of the top-tier titles.

When junior heirs become vassals, this means they have claims against their liege, allowing them to create claimant factions. The liege does ''not'' get claims against their vassals. (This is good, because such a claim could only be used to unfairly [[title revocation|revoke]] the vassal titles).

When multiple heirs become independent of each other (due to the deceased ruler holding multiple top-tier titles), they get claims against each other. Often, one will declare war on the other using the Claim or Claim All CB, attempting to reunite the titles (at least until the next succession).

===Title division===

The equal partition of land is flawed by the fact a [[vassal]] can only have one liege in the game. So due to intermediate Duke/King titles, it results in both titles and land being unequal.

The exact algorithm is unknown, but:
*Each [[Succession|eligible child]] receives one title in birth order until all children have a title, at which point it wraps back around to the oldest.
*If one title is higher in rank than others (only one duchy, multiple counties), then the younger children become vassals of the main heir.
*Titles given out prior to succession are taken into account.  A child given 3 titles already sits out three rounds of inheritance. 
*As of patch 2.3.4, children who would inherit only an empire, kingdom, or duchy title but no counties are automatically given the de jure capital county of the top level title to ensure that they qualify to inherit.  Also, any baronies that are not county capitals are now distributed in order to make children eligible to inherit.
*Titles are weighted by their rank.  The game tries to give out empires then kingdoms then duchies as evenly as possible.
*The game favours titles being given out into politically logical portions.  If multiple duchies and multiple counties in a duchy are inherited, the game tries to prevent dividing duchies or higher as much as possible.  
*The game favours giving the most powerful (in terms of levy strength) titles to older children, all other factors being equal. The capital county of an independent nation has a +50% levy strength bonus, making it most likely to go to the eldest.
*Nobles of the same rank cannot be vassals of one another.  
**If the ruler's titles are of equal rank and vassal of a higher-ranked ruler, they become distinct vassals; i.e. multiple duchies will be divided among multiple heirs who will all become vassals to the same king.
**If the ruler's titles are of equal rank and he was independent, his realm will be split into independent realms among his heirs. 
*Vassals go along with whichever title they were vassalized to.  This usually means counties going with their duchy, but the primary duchy will usually inherit vassals from incompletely controlled duchies.  
*All gold and retinues go to the main heir, giving an advantage in reunification wars.  
*[[forum:693978|This forum thread]] claims to have cracked the title division algorithm in more detail.

To give an example, if a duke has 3 duke-level titles, but only 2 actual counties, an eldest daughter and then three younger sons, then only the eldest two male children inherit under agnatic-cognatic gavelkind.  The older son gets two duchies and a county; the middle son gets one duchy and one county; the third son gets nothing because he cannot inherit any higher titles without at least a county; lastly, the daughter does not inherit anything because she has brothers. If the two counties are in different duchies, then the oldest son gets the duchy with the county that has the largest levy, and the younger inheriting son gets the duchy that has the remaining county.  The younger inheriting son is no vassal to his older brother because they are of equal rank. The youngest son and the daughter remain courtiers of their oldest brother, provided they were courtiers before.

===Opinion===

A ruler under gavelkind succession will face the following opinion modifiers:

{| class="wikitable" style = "width: 75%"
|- 
! Character
! scope="column" align="center" | Opinion modifier
! Reason
|-
|Child who is primary heir
! -5
| They would certainly prefer [[primogeniture]]!
|-
|All other children set to inherit
! +15
| Almost certain of getting something out of the succession.
|-
|All other dynasty members 
! +5
|
|-
|All vassals
! +5
| A divided realm increases their own dynasties' future prospects. Vassals like decentralized and weak states in general.
|}

== Historical basis ==

Partible inheritance was a common practice in early feudal realms. It took many forms, including several that were called "gavelkind". [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavelkind Gavelkind] as a historical form of inheritance was found in Kent, Ireland, Wales and some parts of England.

The effects can be seen in various [[start date]]s: 

* In {{icon|cm}}769, we see the brothers Charles and Carloman vie to reunite Francia. History was [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne#Ambiguous_high_office slightly more ambiguous]: their father hoped they would rule as "joint kings" rather than each ruling a fully independent half-kingdom.
* In {{icon|tog}}867, we see the legacy of Charles' success. What was briefly his "Holy Roman Empire" is now six independent kingdoms, each ruled by a different descendant: West Francia, Lotharingia, East Francia, Aquitaine, Italy, and Bavaria; his empire had fractured after the death of his son, Louis the Pious.
* In 1066, we see the descendants of Rurik (Rurikid dynasty) holding many independent duchies in Rus and Ruthenia (although actual Russians did not use gavelkind; they had the so-called "rota collateral" succession system, which is closer to [[seniority]] in many aspects. Indeed, the succession of the kingdom of Kievan Rus in-game is Seniority in 1066. After the Council of Liubech in 1097, rota was abandoned and replaced with ''appanage'', which is basically gavelkind).

==Strategies==

===Arranging to have a single heir===

'''[[Succession#Disqualification|Disqualify]] younger siblings from inheritance:'''
* [[Diplomatic actions#Order to take the vows|Send them to a monastery]]
** While they are not heirs to any title, e.g. while your demesne only has 1 county
** Or while you have them imprisoned, perhaps after [[excommunication]].
* Send sons to a holy order
* Unless you're pagan (Muslims do not use gavelkind), granting them a theocratic title will disinherit them. You are not allowed to disinherit your primary heir in this manner, although you can do it to your heir's heir. If Catholic, they may have the opportunity to become [[Pope]], increasing dynasty prestige. In case your heir dies unexpectedly, you can [[title revocation|revoke]] the church title of one of your other sons to put him back in the line of succession.
**Give them a newly constructed church holding
**Give them a church freed from infidels via holy war
**With [[Investiture|free investiture]], nominate them as successor to an old or [[Assassination|accident-prone]] bishop.

'''Allow your titles to pass between branches of your dynasty''' by not having any children, but allowing other dynasts to breed. Dynasts having multiple eligible heirs will not split the titles. Educate dynasts' children in your court. 
*This strategy works best if your dynasty has several branches which are landed so that breeding can proceed without inhibition.
*Ensure that your dynastic heir doesn't have children of their own before inheritance. Consider monitoring other members in the line of succession as they can become heir due to untimely deaths.

'''Kill unwanted heirs:'''
* Imprison and execute (generally results in [[tyranny]] and {{iconify|kinslayer}})
**If you're in the Byzantine culture group, you can castrate them instead, avoiding Kinslayer and tyranny at the cost of a large opinion penalty. Eunuchs can't be given or inherit landed titles. Do this before they have children, otherwise they will inherit instead. (needs verifying)
* Send your sons to lead the troops, and try to get them killed in battle or by disease.

'''Consider trying to have fewer children:'''
* If you are male, marry an older or less fertile woman.
** If pagan, Zoroastrian, or following the Eastern religions, don't take concubines.
* [[Imprisonment|Imprison]] your spouse once you have an heir.
* If you feel like you have enough children, there are ways for your character to become less likely to have children. Events can make your character castrated ({{iconify|Eunuch}}), or less fertile ({{iconify|Chaste}}). There are also societies that at a certain rank allow you to choose to become {{iconify|celibate}}.

'''Sire bastard children:'''

* If {{icon|wol}}[[Way of Life]] DLC is activated, select the [[seduction]] focus.
* Select people with good genetic traits that are close to you.
** Use the "Find Characters" menu to find them.
** {{iconify|Lustful}} characters are usually swooned with more success.
* Repeat one-night stands by choosing to "love and leave".
** Wait three months and check if you or your target have been successfully impregnated, if not then seduce them again.
* Do this with as many people as you like.
** Usually three is sufficient.
* Have many children to increase the odds of having babies with good genetic traits.
** Don't forget to actually acknowledge them as your bastard.
* Legitimize the best one.
* This strategy can be used as backup in case your dynasts fail to produce a desirable heir.
* Optional: Choose not to marry in order to avoid "Unfaithful Lecher" -100 opinion maluses with your spouse. Marry after you have selected a heir.

===Organizing the division===

Titles given out before succession will still be taken into account for the calculation. For instance, giving out duchy titles of some smaller/further duchies to other sons can ensure that your heir will inherit that big center capital duchy in addition to the kingdom.

This is best suited for an aggressive expansion play-style, where conquered lands can be given out without lowering your own demesne.

Don't use the decision to have your chancellor hand out titles; do it yourself instead, even if you have hundreds of surplus titles. This decision has a habit of distributing them to your sons in a way that leaves your primary heir with nothing but your primary title and a single county, making a succession war all but inevitable.

===Keeping a single primary title===

: ''This subsection is out of date: some of these situations no longer prevent the land in question from going along with the kingdom grant''

Avoid creating additional kingdoms until you are ready to form an empire. (Keep in mind the gold and piety cost, particularly the gold cost as it costs more gold to create the empire title after paying the 200 piety to form the second kingdom.) If you find yourself with a second kingdom, try to "destroy" the extra kingdom by giving it to a count who will receive few duchies with the kingdom because:

* The duchies are not formed
* The duchies are held by you
* The duchies are held as secondary duchies
* The dukes are direct vassals of a king who is your vassal
* The dukes are at war (e.g. with each other, or in a crusade)

Alternatively, ensure your primary kingdom is the strongest, and push your claims against your siblings after succession.

===Preventing succession crisis===

Because your siblings inherit land and have a claim on your primary title, they are likely to create claimant [[factions]]. You (the primary heir) most likely have low prestige, a shrunken demesne, and (especially if you're unreformed pagan) a "short reign" penalty with most or all of your vassals. Between your siblings' power and your lack of power, bloody civil wars are likely.

Some possible strategies:
*'''Many weak heirs''': it may be easier to deal with many weak heirs that may fight against each other, rather than one strong brother that can challenge your power all by himself.

*'''Strong capital''': A primary heir is likely to get the capital county, so researching [[technology]], constructing holdings and [[buildings]] can ensure said heir an advantage over their siblings. Due to de jure preference, the primary heir will also likely keep the duchy and even kingdom that contains the capital, if in a kingdom or empire.

*'''Inheritance of gold''': the wealth of a ruler is not divided on gavelkind succession, which can be used by the heir to smooth the transition (bribes, mercenaries, ...)

*'''Retinues and outlying vassals''': Retinues are not divided up but all go to the primary heir; and the only direct vassals your siblings get are the de jure ones. A large multi-duchy kingdom can conquer many duchies outside its de jure borders, and the vassals there will be compelled to send troops to your reunification war. (Just be sure that such vassals are still within the empire which your kingdom belong to ''de jure''.) A large retinue on the border can strike opposing armies before they can organize, if fighting a reunification war is necessary.

*'''Prepare opinion boosts''' for your heir to use as soon as he takes the throne.
** Leave some duchies uncreated, so your heir can get prestige and "granted a duchy" opinion bonuses. (This may not be possible if you're close to your vassal limit.)
** Leave some counts as direct vassals, so your heir can transfer them to dukes.
** Keep [[raiding|loot]] aboard ships for the prestige bonus.

*'''Consider a mix of counties and baronies within your capital duchy as your demesne''': Besides holding onto only one title of each tier (from duchy to empire, if applicable), consider a mix of counties and baronies within your capital duchy (or even capital county) as your demesne. The secondary heirs are more likely to inherit baronies rather than counties, making them much easier to control. The land, being inside your capital duchy, will be useful as well.

=== Appointing temporary vassals ===

Grant your extra counties and duchies to men who do not (and will not) have heirs. Their titles will not count as part of your demesne to be divided by gavelkind, but will eventually return to your primary heir—along with any unspent wealth and tech points.

The temporary vassal should be kinless, old, and less fertile: {{iconify|homosexual}}, {{iconify|infirm}}, {{iconify|incapable}}, {{iconify|inbred}}, {{iconify|leper}}, {{iconify|mangled}}, or {{iconify|celibate}}. [[Marriage#Betrothal|Betroth]] him to an infant girl, making it difficult for him to have children, especially if his religion does not allow [[polygamy]] or concubinage. If you are Greek and control your religious head, you could even [[excommunication|excommunicate]] him, and ''after'' giving him the title, [[imprisonment|imprison]] and [[Decisions#Vassal decisions|castrate]] [[File:Eunuch.png]] him.

===Combining succession types===
If you hold multiple titles for which you can change the succession law, for example an [[empire]] and a [[kingdom]], you can set the highest title to gavelkind and all other titles to [[primogeniture]]. This grants the benefits of gavelkind succession (+30% demesne, no prestige penalty for unlanded sons) without causing title splits (provided that all titles lower than the rank of king are located within the [[de jure]] kingdoms that you set to primogeniture).

The flaw in this method is if you have multiple potential heirs and your firstborn has a similarly eligible child and then dies. Gavelkind gives priority to younger siblings, and primogeniture prioritizes grandchildren of older children, so the empire and kingdoms will split. Using [[feudal elective]] instead of primogeniture can work around this issue, especially if you use a small kingdom as your personal demesne.

[[Category:Succession laws]]
{{SuccessionNavbox}}